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Everyone knows that a good cup of tea relies on two things: the quality of the tea leaves and the quality of the water. The Tea Party Movement seems not to care about either.Read more: Tea Party Movement, Rand Paul, 2010 Elections, Climate, Clean Water, Koch Industries, Fox News, Bachmann, Global Warming, Offshore Drilling, Mario Rubio, Pat Toomey, Green News
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The National Wildlife Federation Climate Capsule team's favorite summer movie was Inception. It got us to thinking, what if you could enter the dreams of Sen. Jim Inhofe (R-OK), Big Oil's MVP?
Also this week -- updates on tar sands, heat waves & a climate denier's flip-flop. Watch this week's NWF Climate Capsule!
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San Francisco -- Five years ago, not one but two calamitous floods struck major cities, each taking more than a thousand lives. One, of course, was Katrina, but only a month earlier, 37 inches struck the city of Mumbai, India, wiping out entire neighborhoods. Both of these catastrophes followed truly extreme weather events. Katrina wasn't the biggest hurricane ever to hit the Gulf of Mexico, but it was up there, and 37 inches of rain was unprecedented in Mumbai.
This month a much greater flood catastrophe has engulfed Pakistan, engulfing a quarter of the country, flooding an area the size of England, killing about 2000 people, and swelling the Indus River to 40 times its normal size. Tens of millions of people have been displaced. It's not clear how much of this disaster can be attributed to extreme weather.
Yes, the monsoon was heavy this year. In certain areas, like Peshawar, it was extraordinarily heavy, so the localized flooding that devastated Swat and other areas in the Northwest can be viewed as an extreme weather event. And heavy monsoons in the region feeding into the Indus from the Punjab in the east, including catchments across the border in India, meant that the Chenab, Sutlet, and Jhelum were already very high when late-month cloudbursts hit the Northwest part of the Indus basin in Pakistan.
But why were localized cloudbursts over areas like Swat and Peshawar able to generate not only localized tragedy but a national catastrophe? Why was there no equivalent damage across the border in India, where weather charts show the monsoon was even higher?
Some commentators are arguing that the catastrophic floods in Pakistan have as much to do with deforestation as they do with weather. Pakistan's "timber mafia" have, in the past several years, achieved unprecedented freedom to log at will.
"But this month the mud and water deluge cascaded off the tree-bare mountains and hills with exceptional force and barrelled down towards the plains in mammoth fury. In a trade-off, the timber mafia had allowed the mountain poor to raid the logs stacked in the nullahs to make doors, window frames and furniture for their homes. But, propelled by the force of the run-off, the logs turned into instruments of destruction, smashing all in their wake. Rivers and dams turned black with timber. Relief workers said bridges, homes, and people were destroyed and swept away by the hurtling and swirling logs before the waters spread on to the plains below, engulfing an area of more than 60,000 square miles, more than twice the land area of Scotland."
The logging in the mountains has simply been the final act in the gradual deforestation of Pakistan -- the entire river corridor was once girded by, and protected by, dense forest cover which could absorb water, break the force of floods, and capture the silt that comes down from the geologically unstable Karakorum range as fertile soil.
Now all of the natural safeguards and systems that created Pakistan's productive and densely populated plains have been removed. Rainfall even slightly above average can overtax the Indus system which, in effect, has been turned from a meandering stream into a drainpipe -- a drainpipe too small for heavy rains.
We see similar patterns here in the US. The most damaging floods in American history were the Mississippi River floods of 1993. Again, there was very heavy precipitation, but the river had handled larger volumes of water before, with far less destruction, because natural systems -- flood plains, wetlands, riverine forests -- were still intact and able to absorb much of the impact of the heavy flow.
There is more than one lesson from the Indus floods. We should worry, tremendously, about the impact of a disrupted climate and more extreme rainfall events. Pakistan cannot handle them. But we should worry just as much about the need to restore the natural biological dampers to the system -- the barriers which historically protected Pakistanis from heavy monsoons (and stored their water for drier years.) After all, when causes multiply, the results get larger very fast. 2+2 and 2 x 2 both equal 4. But make that 2 a 3 and the impact soards from 6 to 9. Make it 5, and 10 becomes 25. Preventing further climate chaos OR rebuilding the natural systems that protect us from weather -- we can't focus on just one. We must do both.
I wonder if this realization has finally sunk in for Bjorn Lomborg. Lomborg announced this week that he was abandoning the "climate change is no big deal" camp where he made his reservation, and was instead publishing a new book stating that global warming is one of the world's "chief concerns" and calling for a global carbon tax and the expenditure of $100 billion.
When I debated Lomborg at Harvard back in 2002, Lomborg conceded the reality that more carbon pollution meant higher sea levels and more flooding in countries like Bangladesh. His response: "Build dikes." Perhaps as he's watched natural catastrophes like the one in Pakistan unfold, Lomborg has come to his senses and realized that the human capacity to manage extreme weather is simply much smaller than the climate cynics would like us to believe.
Read more: Flooding, Timber Mafia, Extreme Weather, Indus, Climate Change, Flood, Pakistan, Green News
In the news last week: Two microbes helping us out.
You may think that the world is all about humanity, our place on the evolutionary scale, our position at the top of the food web, and, for better or worse, our domination of the planet. Or, you may view such ideas as being oh-so-terribly retro and anthropomorphic. (For more on that subject, I commend Daniel Quinn's Ishmael to your reading pleasure.)
Whatever you may think, I know of one class of organisms who, if I may assign anthropomorphic characteristics to them, would whole-heartedly disagree and with good reason. The organisms of which I speak are microbes -- those microscopic creatures that include bacteria, fungi, protists, archaea, and plankton.
From the point of view of mass and metabolism, microbes rule the world.
It's estimated that microbes make up 50 to 90 percent of all ocean biomass and more than 50 percent of the planet's total biomass. They thrive in lots of environments where other things don't do all that well, like, for instance, in our guts. Indeed, from many microbes' points of view, the only reason we exist is to provide cozy nooks in our bellies for them to thrive. They feast off the food we ingest and, as a kind of microbial version of an afterthought, leave enough nutrition behind for us to survive on and continue to provide them their cozy, intestinal digs.
But let's get back to our anthropomorphic view of the world and more specifically to a discussion of microbe-good and microbe-evil, for clearly, from our point of view, there are good microbes and bad microbes. Many of us humans worry about, even obsess over bad microbes, such as, for example, bacteria that make us sick. Prima facie evidence of that obsession: adding pesticides to our toothpaste.
But all that concern gives microbes a bad rap when in fact lots, perhaps even most microbes help us out. Take those bacteria in our guts for instance that help us digest our food, thereby sustaining us. And from the environment's point of view, microbes play critical roles processing lots of stuff like the carbon in dead organic matter and cycling it back into the system for further use by green plants.
Two papers published last week highlight microbes that fall in the "good microbe" category.
In a paper published in the journal Science, Terry Hazen of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and colleagues found that a previously unknown species of cold-water, hydrocarbon-eating bacteria have been feasting on the underwater oil plume from the Deepwater Horizon blowout, degrading it at rates faster than anticipated.
What's more, the tiny feeders have done so without creating low-oxygen or so-called dead zones that could harm marine life at depth. Hazen et al, who collected their data in late May and early June, found that oxygen saturation within the plume areas they measured averaged 59 percent while levels outside the plume were 67 percent.
Their study led the authors to suggest "the potential exists for intrinsic bioremediation of the oil plume in the deep-water column without substantial oxygen drawdown." A definite plus.
If you've been paying any attention to the topic of climate change, you know that methane is a more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (there just happens to be a lot more of the latter in the atmosphere). You might even have read (here or here, for instance) that scientists are concerned about methane releases from thawing permafrost in northern wetlands leading to a climate tipping point.
A new paper appearing in the journal Nature Geoscience by Nardy Kip of the Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and colleagues finds that a special group of bacteria known as methanotrophs are working to limit methane emissions in peat bogs across the globe and may work even harder at warmer temperatures. Given that peatlands are thought to contain up to 30 percent of all land-based carbon, any process that slows the release of methane and does so at higher temperatures is an all-around good thing in a warming world.
Way to go, microbes. Could it be that we've been looking in the wrong places to solve our problems? Could it be that all our worries would be over if we only had some more microbes? Well, let's limit that to the good ones. Tune in next week for a story on some microbes that have been up to some mischief.
Crossposted with www.thegreengrok.com.
Read more: Carbon, Pesticides, Methanotrophs, Microbes, Biomass, Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, Greenhouse Gases, Permafrost, Bacteria, Pulse of the Planet, Peatlands, Global Warming, Methane, Green News
As the world comes to terms with the mind-boggling scale of the tragedy in Pakistan, many Americans are asking what we can do to aid the flood victims.
Some may hesitate to contribute to flood relief because we associate Pakistan with qualities we don't admire -- nuclear proliferation, religious fundamentalism, the oppression of women, and a corrupt and powerful military. But the people of Pakistan are more likely to be the victims than the perpetrators of these problems, and above all else, they are fellow human beings in dire need.
So how can we distance ourselves from the qualities we don't like while offering solidarity to the people of Pakistan?
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